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''The Gay Science'' ((ドイツ語:Die fröhliche Wissenschaft), literally "The Joyful Science") is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, first published in 1882 and followed by a second edition, which was published after the completion of ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'' and ''Beyond Good and Evil'', in 1887. This substantial expansion includes a fifth book and an appendix of songs. It was noted by Nietzsche to be "the most personal of all () books", and contains the greatest number of poems in any of his published works. ==Title== The book's title uses a phrase that was well known at the time. It was derived from a Provençal expression (''gai saber'') for the technical skill required for poetry-writing that had already been used by Ralph Waldo Emerson and E. S. Dallas and, in inverted form, by Thomas Carlyle in "the dismal science". The book's title was first translated into English as ''The Joyous Wisdom'', but ''The Gay Science'' has become the common translation since Walter Kaufmann's version in the 1960s. Kaufmann cites ''The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'' (1955) that lists "The gay science (Provençal ''gai saber''): the art of poetry". In ''Ecce Homo'', Nietzsche refers to the poems in the Appendix of ''The Gay Science'', saying they were This alludes to the birth of modern European poetry that occurred in Provence around the 13th century, whereupon, after the culture of the troubadours fell into almost complete desolation and destruction due to the Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229), other poets in the 14th century ameliorated and thus cultivated the ''gai saber'' or ''gaia scienza''. In a similar vein, in ''Beyond Good and Evil'' Nietzsche observed that, Another indicator of the deficiency of the original translation as ''The Joyous Wisdom'' is that the German ''Wissenschaft'' never indicates "wisdom" (wisdom = ''Weisheit''), but a propensity toward any rigorous practice of a poised, controlled, and disciplined quest for knowledge, and is typically translated as "science". The book is usually placed within Nietzsche's middle period, during which his work extolled the merits of science, skepticism, and intellectual discipline as routes to mental freedom. The affirmation of the Provençal tradition is also one of a joyful "yea-saying" to life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Gay Science」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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